Viruses and Invertebrates
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Zoology: Invertebrates that Parasitize Invertebrates
The genome of an orthonectid, a group of highly modified parasitic invertebrates, is drastically reduced and compact, yet it shows the bilaterian gene toolkit. Phylogenetic analyses place the enigmatic orthonectids within Spiralia, although their exact placement remains uncertain.
متن کاملInvertebrates and Plants
Invertebrates and plants are among the most ubiquitous and abundant macroscopic organisms in aquatic ecosystems; they dominate most habitats in both diversity and biomass and play central roles in aquatic food webs. Plants regulate and create habitats for a wide array of organisms (Cooke et al. 2005). Snail grazing and bivalve filtering profoundly alter habitats and communities (Harvey and Hill...
متن کاملAquatic Invertebrates
Animals are important and conspicuous elements inPacifi c Island ecosystems. They are crucial to the fl ow of energy and nutrients within ecosystems and they strongly infl uence, and in some cases control, the species composition and population structure of communities. Determining which animal species are present in an area and what they do is crucial to understanding how ecosystems function a...
متن کاملPain and suffering in invertebrates?
All animals face hazards that cause tissue damage and most have nociceptive reflex responses that protect them from such damage. However, some taxa have also evolved the capacity for pain experience, presumably to enhance long-term protection through behavior modification based on memory of the unpleasant nature of pain. In this article I review various criteria that might distinguish nocicepti...
متن کاملMating and immunity in invertebrates.
Mating and immunity are intimately linked to fitness. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, recent investigations into mate choice for immunity, tradeoffs between reproduction and immunity, and the relationships between post-mating processes and immune function have revealed that mating and immunity are also intimately linked to each other. Here, we focus on invertebrates and critically examin...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America
سال: 1975
ISSN: 0013-8754
DOI: 10.1093/besa/21.2.148